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Obesity as a Disease: A National Epidemic

The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research

Fall 2008

 

Obesity as a Disease: A National Epidemic

Brigid A. Wilson, PhD
Assistant Professor

Department of Health and Human Performance

Whitlowe R. Green College of Education

Prairie View A&M University

Member of the Texas A&M University System

Prairie View, Texas

 

William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
Professor and Faculty Mentor

PhD Program in Educational Leadership

Hall of Honor (2008)

William H. Parker Leadership Academy

The Whitlowe R. Green College of Education

Prairie View A&M University

Member of the Texas A&M University System

Prairie View, Texas

Visiting Lecturer (2005)

Oxford Round Table

University of Oxford, Oxford, England

Distinguished Alumnus (2004)

College of Education and Professional Studies

Central Washington University

 

________________________________________________________________________

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this article is to briefly discuss obesity as a disease and the prejudice associated with it. Obesity has accelerated at an alarming rate. Prejudice has developed from misguided assumptions. The article deals with obesity as a disease and the possible risks associate with it.  

________________________________________________________________________

Introduction

Obesity’s incidence has expediently risen at such an alarming rate over the last 2 decades that the American government took legislative action in 2000 to counteract the disease’s widespread detrimental consequences (Encinosa, Bernard, Steiner, & Chen, 2005). In 2000, the Internal Revenue Service declared that taxpayers could deduct the cost of weight-loss programs as medical expenses, including behavioral counseling, nutrition advisement, pharmacology, and surgery, if the expenses account for more than 7% of an individual’s adjusted gross income (Internal Revenue Service, 2005). Subsequently, the U.S. government officially declared obesity a disease in 2004 (Gruman, 2004). Obesity’s classification as a disease was monumental because it mandated that insurance companies had to pay for obesity-related medical visits, prescriptions, and surgeries (Hartwig & Wilkinson, 2004).

 

 

Purpose of the Article

 

The purpose of this article is to briefly discuss obesity as a disease and the prejudice associated with it. The article focuses on dealing with obesity as a disease and the potential risks and prejudices that are associated with it. associated with it.

 

 

Governmental Actions

 

            The government’s actions have had a dramatic affect on the number of weight-loss treatments that Americans may choose to utilize. For example, the number of bariatric surgical procedures performed in the United States increased from 26,700 in 2000 (Waraksa & Vinson, 2004) to over 140,000 in 2005, more than a five-fold increase (American Society for Bariatric Surgery, 2001) in just 5 years. The increased popularity of bariatric procedures is not only attributed to insurance coverage, but also to positive media publicity surrounding celebrities who have undergone the treatment (Johns Hopkins University, 2004), such as Al Roker, Carney Wilson, Sharon Osborne, and Roseanne Barr. Furthermore, bariatric surgeries have become popular because they appear to be a quick and effective method to lose weight, with the average person losing approximately 30 to 40 pounds in the year following surgery (Duke Medical Center, 2006).

 

 

Popularity of Bariatric Surgery

 

            Due to the rising popularity of bariatric surgery, it is imperative that scholars study the surgical procedure from diverse perspectives. These perspectives include physiological, psychological, and financial viewpoints. Examining Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass surgery (RYGB), the most popular and effective form of bariatric surgery (Buchwald et al., 2004), from multiple perspectives might provide a broader, more overarching picture of how surgery affects all of these perspectives. When an individual undergoes bariatric surgery, that individual experiences multiple lifestyle changes that need to be contended with, because bariatric surgery is not an effortless, unproblematic miracle cure for obesity (Park Nicollet Clinic, 2005).

 

Prejudice and the Obese

Prejudice, a subjective attitude of a particular group developed from preconceived, irrational convictions of another’s supposed distinctions from the group (Mish, 1991), is so prevalent against overweight and obese individuals that it is not surprising that individuals will undertake major surgery and risk possible health complications to lose excess weight (Farber, 2003).           

 

Weightism or Fatism?

A specific term was coined for this damaging attitude towards the obese: weightism, also known as fatism (Winfield, 2002). Weightism refers to the detrimental stereotypical beliefs many Americans possess towards overweight individuals in virtually every aspect of life (Crocker & Garcia, 2004). Weightism propagates the beliefs that obese individuals are weak-willed, ugly, unmotivated, emotionally troubled, unclean, immoral, self-indulgent, and incompetent (Schwartz & Brownell, 2004). Weightism in America is extremely common, as obese individuals experience discrimination in almost all areas of life: education, employment, social life, family relationships, housing, healthcare, public accommodations, and media exposure (Wadden, Womble, et al., 2002). Wherever the individual travels, be it work, a physician’s office, or the grocery store, the obese individual encounters weightism.

 

Weightism is so prevalent and powerful that an obese individual’s sense of self may suffer permanent damage leading to the person’s sense of well-being becoming permanently impaired (Winfield, 2002). Obese individuals may possess a negative sense of self due to their evaluation of self in relation to societal beliefs and values, and therefore weightism exhibited by others can have tremendously detrimental psychological affects for the obese individual. The obese individual’s fragile sense of self becomes further weakened and, thus, weight often becomes an obsession for the obese individual. Weight may develop into the only subject of concern, as other personal attributes, like talent, wealth, and intelligence are discounted (Farber, 2003).

 

Poor Body Image and Low Self-Esteem

Mental health specialists consider weight infatuation detrimental, as it leads to poor body image and low self-esteem (Fox, Taylor, & Jones, 2000). Poor body image results from an obese individual’s perception of self not correlating with the “ideal” American body image (Schwartz & Brownell, 2004). Low self-esteem occurs because individuals focus on self-perceived negative characteristics (obesity) rather than positive attributes (Crocker & Park, 2004). Low self-esteem also occurs because individuals are unsuccessful in losing a self-specified desired amount of weight and, therefore, feel as though they are failures (Ginty, 2005).

            Along with poor body image and low self-esteem, other documented psychological effects of weightism include diminished self-efficacy, augmented depression, anxiety, and social withdrawal (Belluscio, 2005). Diminished self-efficacy occurs because obese individuals lose confidence in their abilities (Bandura, 1997; Crocker & Garcia, 2004). Society bombards obese individuals with negativity and reinforces an already present belief in low self-worth (Puhl & Brownell, 2003). Moreover, depression occurs when obese individuals feel defeated by weightism because the prejudicial attitude affects both their personal and professional life (Rogge, Greenwald, & Golden, 2004). These individuals are left feeling that they cannot meet anyone’s standards, including their own (Maranto & Stenoien, 2000). Some obese individuals consider their disease as a greater detriment than deafness, dyslexia, or blindness (Wadden, Womble, et al., 2002).

 

Concluding Remarks

 

The purpose of this article is to brief article was to discuss obesity as a disease and the prejudice associated with it. Obesity has accelerated at an alarming rate. Prejudice has developed from misguided assumptions.

 

 

 

See: National FORUM Journals: www.nationalforum.com

About the Author

Dr. Kritsonis Recognized as Distinguished Alumnus

In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”

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Wilson® F1006 Official NFL® Leather Game Football (Commissioner Pete Rozelle) $123.44 This is a top of the line leather game ball designed for the highest level of competitive play. Perfect for the elite player, or a great ball for the serious fan or collector. This is an authentic, ON FIELD Wilson® NFL® Game Ball. Wilson Sporting Goods Company has been the official supplier of NFL Game Balls since 1941 when George Halas brought Wilson Sporting Goods and the NFL together. Made in the USA since 1955 by skilled craftsmen, Wilson Game Footballs are used by every major football league.Designed for the serious competitor/professional!Commissioner Pete Rozelle signature stamp (Rozelle was commissioner from 1971-1989)Genuine hand sewn leather Exclusive Wilson® NFL® leather with Tanned in Tack® for professional grip3-ply VPU bladder for maximum durability and air retentionDouble lacedProfessional patternOfficial size and weightHand-crafted in the U.S.A.Pete Rozelle was thirty-three years old when he was surprisingly named the commissioner of the NFL in January 1960. He had been the general manager of the Los Angeles Rams for only three years, and his total experience in the NFL was limited to another three years as the head of public relations for the Rams and working for the Rams while attending Compton Junior College. Rozelle came to the job of commissioner with one simple goal: make the NFL the premier professional sports league in the country, if not the world.Note: This football does not have "The Duke" stamp.

Wilson Sporting Goods Wilson Sporting Goods Little League Baseball A1074BSST $3.48 Little league baseball Top-quality ball helps Little Leaguers play like pros Features cushioned center, quality yarn windings, and select cowhide cover handstitched with waxed cotton thread Official size and weight Brand #: Wilson Sporting Goods A1074BSST UPC: 026388449200 Keywords: baseball little league ball

Wilson F1003 Gst Game Football $94.33 Wilson 899 WE leather with tanned-in tack. 1005 "small" pattern easier to grip and throw. Special padded cover for softer feel and better grip. Patented ACL Lacing System for better grip and control. Dual sided lace reinforcers. Wilson® exclusive Grip Stripes. Official size and weight lockstitch construction

Creative Sports Enterprises WILSON-F1003-ND-Blk Notre Dame Fighting Irish Official Wilson NCAA Football $99.23 The Official Football of the NCAA. Official size and weight ;Top quality leather cover. This is the same style game ball used by the Notre Dame Fighting Irish and features their logo.

Creative Sports Enterprises WILSONF1003NDBlk Notre Dame Fighting Irish Official Wilson NCAA Football $122.85 The Official Football of the NCAA. Official size and weight ;Top quality leather cover. This is the same style game ball used by the Notre Dame Fighting Irish and features their logo.

Darren McFadden signed Official NFL Duke Football $292.25 Darren McFadden signed Official NFL Duke Football Darren McFadden Autographed NFL Football. This is an official Wilson NFL football that was signed 3/27/08 in Little Rock, AR and comes with certificate of authenticity, matching holograms and a picture of Darren from the signing.

Official $6 Official - Q-Tip

John Elway Signed Wilson NFL Football $367.99 John Elway signed Wilson Official NFL Game football. This was signed at our Private Signing and comes with a an individually numbered; tamper evident hologram from Mounted Memories.

Curtis Martin Autographed Wilson NFL Game Football $239.99 Curtis Martin signed Wilson Official NFL Game football. This was signed at our Private Signing and comes with a an individually numbered; tamper evident hologram from Mounted Memories.

Dan Fouts Autographed Football Details: Wilson Football $184.99 Dan Fouts signed Wilson Official NFL Game football. This was signed at our Private Signing and comes with a an individually numbered; tamper evident hologram from Mounted Memories.

Creative Sports Enterprises WILSON-F1825-NFLREP Wilson NFL Composite Replica Game Model Football - F1825 $39.48 Wilson Replica NFL Official Composite Designed for play in all conditions, the Wilson NFL Official Composite Football has a soft composite leather cover for enhanced gripability, with increased surface friction for better control.

Creative Sports Enterprises WILSON-F1845-NFLREP Wilson NFL Composite Replica Game Model Football - F1845 $30.03 Wilson Replica NFL Official Composite Designed for play in all conditions, the Wilson NFL Official Composite Football has a soft composite leather cover for enhanced gripability, with increased surface friction for better control.

Creative Sports Enterprises WILSONF1825NFLREP Wilson NFL Composite Replica Game Model Football F1825 $48.88 Wilson Replica NFL Official Composite Designed for play in all conditions the Wilson NFL Official Composite Football has a soft composite leather cover for enhanced gripability with increased surface friction for better control.

Creative Sports Enterprises WILSONF1845NFLREP Wilson NFL Composite Replica Game Model Football F1845 $37.18 Wilson Replica NFL Official Composite Designed for play in all conditions the Wilson NFL Official Composite Football has a soft composite leather cover for enhanced gripability with increased surface friction for better control.

Wilson NCAA Pee Wee Replica Game Football - Youth $19.99 Made from legendary Wilson K pattern. Sewn composite cover material. Official NCAA logo on football. Perfect for competitive leagues looking for a value.Youth - Youth

Wilson Indoor Edition Volleyball $29.95 Practice volleyball. 18 panel composite leather cover. V-Tec seams. Wound bladder. Official size and weight.

Wilson Autograph 3 panel Football Unsigned F1192R $46.75 Wilson Autograph 3 panel Football Unsigned F1192R This is a replica of the Official Wilson NFL Football, specially made for collectors.Made with 3 white panels and 1 genuine leather panel.Same size as the Official NFL footballPerfect for autographsAlso great for Recreational UseComes with a replica signature of the NFL commissioner Roger GoodellWhite panels are perfect for sharpie signatures, producing clean, long lasting autographs.Officially licensed by the NFL

Wilson Autograph 1 panel Unsigned Football F1180 $75.97 Wilson Autograph 1 panel Unsigned Football F1180 This is a replica of the Official Wilson NFL Football, specially made for collectors.Made with 1 white panel and 3 genuine leather panels.Same size as the Official NFL footballPerfect for autographsAlso great for Recreational UseComes with a replica signature of the NFL commissioner Roger GoodellWhite panels are perfect for sharpie signatures. Producing clean, long lasting autographs.Officially licensed by the NFL

Autographed Brian Wilson Photo - 8x10 w/ Posey $119.99 Autographed Brian Wilson Photo - 8x10 w/ Posey Autographed Brian Wilson Photo - 8x10 w/ Posey. Brian Wilson doesn't do official signing sessions very often, and it can be tough to find signatures of this quality. As demand for memorabilia like this increases, items like this will go up in value. Like every item we sell, this piece has been evaluated for quality by our dedicated staff. Perfect autograph quality. Every piece in this run comes with Sportsmemorabilia.com's own numbered hologram. Compare Wilson's stats to anyone else and you'll see why collectors love pieces like this. Like all pieces on our site, this item is guaranteed authentic.

Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson $39.99 Henry Wilson was the only British field marshal ever to die in action, killed on his own doorstep in 1922 by two IRA men (one of whom had a wooden leg). Wilson was a flamboyant, maverick Irishman, at the centre of affairs during the First World War years and after, recording everything in his wildly indiscreet diary. Using a wide range of official and private sources, this is the first modern biography of this controversial and misunderstood figure. - ;Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, an Irishman who in June 1922 was assassinated on his doorstep in London by Irish republicans, was one of the most controversial British soldiers of the modern age. Before 1914 he did much to secure the Anglo-French alliance and was responsible for the planning which saw the British Expeditionary Force successfully despatched to France after the outbreak of war with Germany. A passionate Irish unionist, he gained a reputation as an intensely. 'political' soldier, especially during the 'Curragh crisis' of 1914 when some officers resigned their commisssions rather than coerce Ulster unionists into a Home Rule Ireland. During the war he played a major role in Anglo-French liaison, and ended up as Chief of the Imperial General Staff, professional. head of the army, a post he held until February 1922. After Wilson retired from the army, he became an MP and was chief security adviser to the new Northern Ireland government. As such, he became a target for nationalist Irish militants, being identified with the security policies of the Belfast regime, though wrongly with Protestant sectarian attacks on Catholics. He is remembered today in unionist Northern Ireland as a kind of founding martyr for the state. Wilson's reputation was ruined in 1927 with the publication of an official biography, which quoted extensively and injudiciously from his entertaining, indiscreet, and wildly opinionated diaries, giving the impression that he was some sort of Machiavellian monster. In this first modern biography, using a wide variety of official and private sources for the first time, Keith Jeffery reassesses Wilson's life and career and places him clearly in his social, national, and political context. - ;An admirable biography which does justice to its subject without glossing over his faults and limitations...impressive - Brian Bond, TLS;'Erudite, carefully researched and considered biography' - Maurice Hayes, Irish Independent;This work is the ultimate biography of the controversial Field Marshal. It covers the subject very fully and does not avoid controversial aspects of Wilson's life, concentrating on the Irish element in great detail. This important book completes the story of the Wilson saga. - The Bulletin of the Military Historical Society, Volume 57, Number 225;a scrupulous, well-documented, and often witty contribution to imperial and military history. It is a tribute to thsi long-awaited, many-faceted, yet succinct biography that one i

Joe Flaco Signed Official Nfl Ball $233.79 Joe Flaco Signed Official Nfl Ball JOE FLACCO SIGNED OFFICIAL NFL FOOTBALLJOE FLACCO HAND SIGNED OFFICIAL NFL WILSON GAME FOOTBALL.THE FOOTBALL AND AUTOGRAPH ARE IN MINT CONDITION. JOE SIGNED THE BALL IN SILVER PAINT PEN.JOE IS THE SUPER STAR QB FOR THE RAVENS. DO NOT MISS OUT ON THIS COOL PIECE!THE BALL COMES WITH A CERTIFICATE OF AUTHENTICITY, PICTURE OF JOE SIGNING, AND A HOLOGRAM.NO DOUBT WHEN IT COMES TO AUTHENTICITY!!!

Wilson 3F1003 Wilson F1003 GST Game Football Football Balls Leather $125.78 amp;#149; Wilson 899 WE leather with tannedin tack. amp;#149; 1005 amp;quot;smallamp;quot; pattern amp;#150; easier to grip and throw. amp;#149; Special padded cover for softer feel and better grip. amp;#149; Patented ACLamp;#153; Lacing System for better grip and control. amp;#149; Dual sided lace reinforcers. amp;#149; Wilsonamp;#174; exclusive Grip Stripes. amp;#149; Official size and weight lockstitch construction

Reconsidering Woodrow Wilson: Progressivism, Internationalism, War, and Peace $28.19 Some of today's premier experts on Woodrow Wilson contribute to this new collection of essays about the former statesman, portraying him as a complex, even paradoxical president. Reconsidering Woodrow Wilson reveals a person who was at once an international idealist, a structural reformer of the nation's economy, and a policy maker who was simultaneously accommodating, indifferent, resistant, and hostile to racial and gender reform. Wilson's progressivism is discussed in chapters by biographer John Milton Cooper and historians Trygve Throntveit and W. Elliot Brownlee. Wilson's philosophy about race and nation is taken up by Gary Gerstle, and his gender politics discussed by Victoria Bissel Brown. The seeds of Wilsonianism are considered in chapters by Mark T. Gilderhus on Wilson's Latin American diplomacy and war; Geoffrey R. Stone on Wilson's suppression of seditious speech; and Lloyd Ambrosius on entry into World War I. Emily S. Rosenberg and Frank Ninkovich explore the impact of Wilson's internationalism on capitalism and diplomacy; Martin Walker sets out the echoes of Wilson's themes in the cold war; and Anne-Marie Slaughter suggests how Wilson might view the promotion of liberal democracy today. These essays were originally written for a celebration of Wilson's 150th birthday sponsored by the official national memorial to Wilson -- the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars -- in collaboration with the Woodrow Wilson House. That daylong symposium examined some of the most important and controversial areas of Wilson's political life and presidency.

Wilson 1-White Panel NFL Football $86.16 Wilson 1-White Panel NFL Football This official size ball is designed for the serious fan or collector for individual or team autographs. This ball features: 1 smooth white panel that is ideal for autographs and 3 genuine leather panels. For clear and long lasting autographs, we recommend using a sharpie pen. Product enhancements by the product manufacturer may result in the item(s) being slightly different than they appear in the images posted.

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